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In order to set up the self-signed certificate, we first have to be sure that mod_ssl, an Apache module that provides support for SSL encryption, is installed on our VPS. We can install mod_ssl with the apt-get command:
sudo apt-get install mod_ssl
The module will automatically be enabled during installation, and
Apache will be able to start using an SSL certificate after it is
restarted. You don't need to take any additional steps for mod_ssl to be ready for use.
Step Two — Create a New Certificate
Now that Apache is ready to use encryption, we can move on to
generating a new SSL certificate. The certificate will store some basic
information about your site, and will be accompanied by a key file that
allows the server to securely handle encrypted data.
First, we need to create a new directory where we will store the server key and certificate:
sudo mkdir /etc/httpd/ssl
Now that we have a location to place our files, we can create the SSL key and certificate files with openssl:
After you enter the request, you will be taken to a prompt where you
can enter information about your website. Before we go over that, let's
take a look at what is happening in the command we are issuing:
openssl: This is the basic command line tool for creating and managing OpenSSL certificates, keys, and other files.
req -x509: This specifies that we want to use X.509
certificate signing request (CSR) management. The "X.509" is a public
key infrastructure standard that SSL and TLS adhere to for key and
certificate management.
-nodes: This tells OpenSSL to skip the option to secure
our certificate with a passphrase. We need Apache to be able to read
the file, without user intervention, when the server starts up. A
passphrase would prevent this from happening, since we would have to
enter it after every restart.
-days 365: This option sets the length of time that the certificate will be considered valid. We set it for one year here.
-newkey rsa:2048: This specifies that we want to
generate a new certificate and a new key at the same time. We did not
create the key that is required to sign the certificate in a previous
step, so we need to create it along with the certificate. The rsa:2048 portion tells it to make an RSA key that is 2048 bits long.
-keyout: This line tells OpenSSL where to place the generated private key file that we are creating.
-out: This tells OpenSSL where to place the certificate that we are creating.
Fill out the prompts appropriately. The most important line is the one that requests the Common Name.
You need to enter the domain name that you want to be associated with
your server. You can enter the public IP address instead if you do not
have a domain name.
The full list of prompts will look something like this:
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:US
State or Province Name (full name) []:Example
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Example
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:Example Inc
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Example Dept
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:example.com
Email Address []:webmaster@example.com
Step Three — Set Up the Certificate
We now have all of the required components of the finished interface.
The next thing to do is to set up the virtual hosts to display the new
certificate.
Open Apache's SSL configuration file in your text editor with root privileges:
sudo nano /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf
Find the section that begins with <VirtualHost _default_:443>. We need to make a few changes here to ensure that our SSL certificate is correctly applied to our site.
First, uncomment the DocumentRoot line and edit the address in quotes to the location of your site's document root. By default, this will be in /var/www/html,
and you don't need to change this line if you have not changed the
document root for your site. However, if you followed a guide like our Apache virtual hosts setup guide, your site's document root may be different.
DocumentRoot "/var/www/example.com/public_html"
Next, uncomment the ServerName line and replace www.example.com with your domain name or server IP address (whichever one you put as the common name in your certificate):
ServerName www.example.com:443
Find the SSLCertificateFile and SSLCertificateKeyFile lines and change them to the directory we made at /etc/httpd/ssl:
When you are finished making these changes, you can save and close the file.
Step Four — Activate the Certificate
By now, you have created an SSL certificate and configured your web
server to apply it to your site. To apply all of these changes and start
using your SSL encryption, you can restart the Apache server to reload
its configurations and modules:
sudo apachectl restart
In your web browser, try visiting your domain name or IP with https:// to see your new certificate in action.
https://example.com/
Your web browser will likely warn you that the site's security
certificate is not trusted. Since your certificate isn't signed by a
certificate authority that the browser trusts, the browser is unable to
verify the identity of the server that you are trying to connect to. We
created a self-signed certificate instead of a trusted CA-signed
certificate, so this makes perfect sense.
Once you add an exception to the browser's identity verification, you will be allowed to proceed to your newly secured site.
Conclusion
You have configured your Apache server to handle both HTTP and HTTPS
requests. This will help you communicate with clients securely and avoid
outside parties from being able to read your traffic.
If you are planning on using SSL for a public website, you should
probably purchase an SSL certificate from a trusted certificate
authority to prevent the scary warnings from being shown to each of your
visitors. Voir aussi : CertBot Let'sEncrypt
EdRepo (Education Repository) is a simple way for instructors to store collections of course material on the Web and share those materials with others. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant DUE-0840721.
